Geology, Earth Systems & Indigenous Country History

Explore how the landscapes of Victoria and Australia formed over billions of years, from ancient cratons and Gondwana to volcanic plains, through both modern geology and Indigenous knowledge of Country.

Discover the Precambrian Era in Australia, when Earth formed, continents emerged, and the first life appeared. Discover ancient cratons, early oceans, and how Indigenous knowledge reflects deep time.

Explore the Pangaea supercontinent, when all continents were joined as one, and discover how its formation and breakup shaped the geology, landscapes and resources of Australia and Victoria.

Discover how the Gondwana supercontinent formed and broke apart, shaping the geology, climate and biodiversity of Australia and Victoria, with fossil evidence and Indigenous connections to deep-time landscapes.

Learn about the Mesozoic Era in Australia, when dinosaurs roamed polar landscapes, continents split apart, and the foundations of Victoria’s geology and ecosystems were formed.

Learn about dinosaurs in Victoria, Australia, including polar fossils from Inverloch and Cape Otway, the extinction event that ended their era, and how Indigenous knowledge connects to ancient landscapes.

Explore the Cenozoic Era in Australia, when climate change, tectonic shifts and evolving ecosystems shaped modern landscapes, animals and Indigenous Country across Victoria and beyond.

Learn about the Paleogene Period in Australia, when Earth recovered after the dinosaur extinction, climates shifted, and early mammals and ecosystems shaped the landscapes of Victoria and beyond.

Explore the Oligocene Epoch in Australia, when global cooling, Antarctic ice formation and evolving ecosystems reshaped landscapes, climate and life across Victoria and beyond.

Explore the Neogene Period in Australia, when climate cooling, volcanic activity and evolving ecosystems shaped the modern landscapes, animals and environments of Victoria and beyond.

Explore the Pliocene Epoch in Australia, when climate cooling, evolving ecosystems and early human ancestors shaped modern landscapes, environments and Country across Victoria and beyond.

Research the Quaternary Period in Australia, when ice ages, sea-level changes and human arrival shaped modern landscapes, ecosystems and Aboriginal Country across Victoria and beyond.

Study the Ice Age in Australia, including climate cycles, megafauna extinction, human survival and Indigenous knowledge of changing landscapes and rising seas.

Discover the Bassian Plain, an Ice Age land bridge that once connected Victoria and Tasmania, shaping human movement, ecosystems and Indigenous cultural memory across southern Australia.

Learn about Victoria’s fossil landscapes preserve over 30 million years of ancient life, volcanoes, megafauna, and deep Indigenous knowledge of Country.

Across caves, volcanic plains, and coastlines, Victoria’s fossil landscapes hold the story of deep time, climate change, and Indigenous cultural knowledge.

This article explores the volcanic history of Victoria through lava flows, geology, Indigenous knowledge, and the enduring memory of Country.

Explore the volcanic history of Australia, where lava flows, basalt plains and ancient eruptions have shaped the continent over millions of years. This article connects geology with Indigenous knowledge, revealing how fire, stone and Country are deeply intertwined across landscapes and cultures.

Explore the hydrology of Victoria through Indigenous knowledge systems that have managed rivers, wetlands, and water flows for thousands of years. From the Budj Bim aquaculture system to modern water restoration, this article reveals how water is understood as a living system—connecting ecology, culture, and sustainability across Country.

From basalt plains to sacred volcanic sites, this article explores the geology and Indigenous knowledge that formed Victoria’s landscapes.

Across ancient Victoria, giant animals once roamed the plains and forests — their fossils and stories still carried within Country today.

Arnhem Land reveals one of Australia’s oldest living cultural systems, shaped by Yolŋu knowledge, ceremony, trade, and deep connections to Country.

Explore Uluru as a living cultural landscape shaped by Tjukurpa, where geology, songlines, and Indigenous knowledge connect Country, culture, and lore.

Victoria’s archaeological sites preserve over 40,000 years of Indigenous science, culture, astronomy, and connection to Country.

From museums to burial grounds, explore the history of Indigenous ancestral remains, cultural belongings, and repatriation across Victoria and Australia.

Discover how Indigenous artefacts across Victoria were shaped by geology, ecology, ceremony, and systems of cultural knowledge.