Native Animals History and Science
Dolphins of Victoria: Guardians of the Sea and Voices of Connection
Dolphins are among the most intelligent and charismatic marine mammals on Earth, symbolising freedom, communication, and harmony within the ocean. Along Victoria’s coasts, these animals are both ecological keystones and cultural messengers — creatures that unite ancient marine life with living story. For Indigenous peoples, dolphins were respected as spiritual kin and ocean guardians, embodying the strength, playfulness, and interconnectedness of Sea Country (Clarke 2011; Clark 1990). In modern science, dolphins are recognised as indicators of marine health and as models for understanding complex behaviour, communication, and environmental change (Bearzi et al. 2012).
Origins and Deep-Time
The ancestors of dolphins began their evolutionary journey over 50 million years ago. Descending from land-dwelling mammals similar to small deer (archaeocetes), early whales and dolphins returned to the sea during the Eocene epoch (56–33 million years ago) (Thewissen et al. 2009). By the Miocene (23–5 million years ago), the first recognisable dolphins (family Delphinidae) were widespread across ancient oceans, including the Southern Hemisphere (Fordyce & Muizon 2001). Fossils from southern Australia reveal that warm, shallow seas once hosted a rich diversity of early toothed whales and dolphins (Fordyce & Barnes 1994). As Australia drifted northward and climates cooled, modern dolphins adapted to coastal and estuarine environments — a lineage that survives today in species such as the Burrunan Dolphin (Tursiops australis), unique to Victoria’s bays and inlets (Charlton-Robb et al. 2011).
Deep-Time and Cultural Timeline
During the Eocene, primitive whales (archaeocetes) evolved from terrestrial ancestors into fully aquatic mammals (Thewissen et al. 2009). By the Miocene, the Southern Ocean teemed with early dolphins and porpoises, precursors of modern delphinids (Fordyce & Muizon 2001). For over 40,000 years, Indigenous peoples of Victoria have known dolphins as sentient beings — guardians of Sea Country and messengers between the human and marine worlds (Clarke 2011). Before 1788, dolphins featured in stories, songs, and seasonal calendars; their movements were linked to tides, fish migrations, and the spirit of the ocean. During the colonial era (1800s), dolphins fascinated naturalists but were often victims of whaling bycatch and pollution. In the 20th century, dolphin research advanced through marine biology and acoustics, revealing their intelligence and social complexity (Bearzi et al. 2012). Today, dolphins are protected under national law, and Indigenous–scientific partnerships are restoring cultural relationships with these ancient marine kin (DEECA 2022).
Ecology and Behaviour
Victoria’s dolphins are highly social, living in pods and communicating through whistles, clicks, and body language.
Species:
Burrunan Dolphin (Tursiops australis): endemic to Victoria, found in Port Phillip Bay, Gippsland Lakes, and Western Port (Charlton-Robb et al. 2011).
Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis): inhabits open coastal waters and Bass Strait.
Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): occasionally sighted offshore.
Diet: Fish, squid, and crustaceans; dolphins use cooperative hunting and echolocation to locate prey (Bearzi et al. 2012).
Communication: Dolphins use complex sound structures and touch for coordination and bonding (Connor et al. 2000).
Habitat: Shallow coastal bays, estuaries, and offshore zones — particularly areas of tidal exchange where nutrients and fish concentrate.
Dolphins act as apex predators in Victoria’s marine food webs, maintaining ecological balance by regulating fish populations and reflecting the health of the seas.
Dolphins in Indigenous Knowledge and Story
In the traditions of many Victorian Indigenous communities, dolphins are teachers and guardians of the ocean.
Spiritual Role: Dolphins were seen as kin to humans, guiding canoes, warning of storms, or rescuing people from drowning (Clark 1990; Clarke 2011).
Totemic Identity: For coastal groups such as the Boonwurrung and Gunditjmara, dolphins served as totems, connecting families to Sea Country and responsibility for marine stewardship.
Cultural Messages: Their playful behaviour was read as joy and renewal, while mass strandings were interpreted as signs of imbalance in the natural world.
Ceremony: Songs and dances honoured the relationship between people and the sea, echoing the rhythmic movement of waves and dolphin pods.
Indigenous ecological knowledge recognised dolphins as guardians of marine law, ensuring respect for water, life, and the unseen forces that move within the ocean (Wadawurrung TOAC 2023).
Dolphins on Wadawurrung Country
The coastlines of Wadawurrung Country — from the Bellarine Peninsula to Torquay and Apollo Bay — form part of the feeding and social range of the Burrunan Dolphin (Tursiops australis). In these waters, dolphins are intertwined with stories of the sea, where the ancestors’ paths meet the currents of Bass Strait. Wadawurrung oral history describes dolphins as protectors and messengers between land and ocean worlds. Their presence was a reminder of harmony between human activity and the rhythms of water. Fishermen observed dolphin movements to locate fish, and their sudden absence signalled changes in weather or tides (Wadawurrung TOAC 2023). Today, the return of strong dolphin pods in Corio Bay and Port Phillip is celebrated as both an ecological recovery and a cultural renewal — evidence of Country healing itself.
Colonial History and Marine Change
European colonisation brought major disruptions to marine ecosystems. Industrial whaling, pollution, and overfishing altered food chains, while boat traffic and coastal development increased stress on dolphin populations (Ling 1999). Dolphins were sometimes hunted or captured for display in early marine parks, though public fascination gradually shifted toward conservation. By the mid-20th century, scientists began long-term population studies and photo-identification of dolphins in Port Phillip Bay (Bearzi et al. 2012). Today, the Burrunan Dolphin’s limited distribution has led to its recognition as a distinct and vulnerable species, prompting calls for stronger protection and habitat monitoring (Charlton-Robb et al. 2011).
Modern Science and Conservation
Dolphin conservation in Victoria combines marine biology, acoustic science, and Indigenous stewardship.
Legal Protection: All dolphin species are protected under the Wildlife Act 1975 (Vic) and the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) (DEECA 2022).
Research and Monitoring: Organisations such as the Marine Mammal Foundation track individual dolphins, monitor water quality, and map breeding sites (Charlton-Robb et al. 2011).
Cultural Partnerships: Traditional Owners contribute to Sea Country management through knowledge of currents, tides, and animal behaviour (Wadawurrung TOAC 2023).
Threats: Entanglement in fishing gear, pollution, noise disturbance, and climate change remain ongoing challenges (Bearzi et al. 2012).
Dolphins are also key species in marine citizen-science projects, where local communities document sightings and report strandings, linking public engagement with long-term ecological research.
Symbolism and Meaning
Across time and culture, dolphins embody unity and transformation:
In Indigenous knowledge: They represent the deep connection between people, ocean, and spirit — guiding humans to live in balance with Sea Country (Clarke 2011).
In science: They exemplify intelligence, cooperation, and adaptability within complex ecosystems (Connor et al. 2000).
In shared human imagination: Dolphins remind us that communication, empathy, and play are universal forces that sustain life in all its forms.
Their presence in Victoria’s bays and coasts continues to inspire both cultural renewal and marine conservation, reminding us that every tide carries the voice of Country.
Conclusion
Dolphins are storytellers of the sea — ancient beings who bridge evolution, ecology, and culture. Their history in Victoria reflects the resilience of both marine life and the communities who live beside it. From Miocene oceans to the present-day bays of the Wadawurrung coast, dolphins remain symbols of wisdom, freedom, and connection. Protecting them means protecting the living waters they embody — the pulse of Sea Country and the voice of the deep that still calls across time.
References
Abbott, I. (2008). Historical Perspectives of Marine Mammalogy in Southern Australia. Western Australian Naturalist.
Bearzi, G., Fortuna, C.M. & Reeves, R.R. (2012). “Ecology and Conservation of Bottlenose Dolphins.” Mammal Review, 42(1), pp.1–33.
Charlton-Robb, K., et al. (2011). “A new dolphin species, the Burrunan Dolphin (Tursiops australis), endemic to southern Australian coastal waters.” PLoS ONE, 6(9), e24047.
Clark, I.D. (1990). Aboriginal Languages and Clans: An Historical Atlas of Western and Central Victoria, 1800–1900. Monash University, Melbourne.
Clarke, P.A. (2011). Australian Indigenous Ethnobotany and Ethnozoology: An Overview. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
Connor, R.C., Wells, R.S., Mann, J. & Read, A.J. (2000). “The Bottlenose Dolphin: Social Relationships in a Fission-Fusion Society.” In Cetacean Societies, eds. Mann et al., University of Chicago Press.
DEECA (Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action). (2022). Victoria’s Threatened Marine Species Strategy. State Government of Victoria.
Fordyce, R.E. & Barnes, L.G. (1994). “The Evolutionary History of Dolphins and Porpoises.” Marine Mammal Science, 10(4), pp.484–507.
Fordyce, R.E. & Muizon, C. de. (2001). “Evolutionary History of Whales: A Review.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 131(2), pp.117–144.
Ling, J.K. (1999). “Exploitation and Protection of Marine Mammals in Australasia.” Marine Mammals: Biology and Conservation. Springer, pp. 37–67.
Thewissen, J.G.M., et al. (2009). “From Land to Water: The Origin of Whales.” Nature, 450(7173), pp.277–285.
Wadawurrung Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation (2023). Sea Country and Marine Knowledge Framework. Geelong.
Written, Researched and Directed by James Vegter 16/09/2025
Magic Lands Alliance
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Magic Lands Alliance acknowledge the Traditional Owners, Custodians, and First Nations communities across Australia and internationally. We honour their enduring connection to the sky, land, waters, language, and culture. We pay our respects to Elders past, present, and emerging, and to all First Peoples communities and language groups. This article draws only on publicly available information; many cultural practices remain the intellectual property of communities.